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Top left - image shows transect line along which, at evenly spaced intervals (every 2 metres), vegetation analysis and microclimate data can be collected. This method of systematic sampling can identify change and helps to eliminate bias.
Top right - quadrat used to assess the percentage vegetation cover. In this example the result would be 4% moss, 3% fern and 93% leaf litter. Note: litter layer present not bare soil.
Bottom left - should there not be a quadrat present then taking initiative and making one using four 50cm sticks is a good suggestion in an exam response. | 
